Pauline Goul is a visiting assistant professor of French and Francophone studies at Vassar College. She is working on a manuscript on early modern forms of ecologies in the literature of Renaissance France (Rabelais, Montaigne, André Thevet, d’Aubigné). She studies in particular how the representations of waste and of the environment formulate a critique of usefulness and represent an anxiety about expenditure between France and the New World. Her work has been published in Global Garbage, French Ecocriticism and the Forum for Modern Language Studies.